High dynamic range lighting

So at what point does all this “HDR” business come into play? To understand the answer, we need to look at how displays behave.

Your display outputs linear light ratios from some maximum to some minimum intensity. Modern game engines perform complex math on linear light values in their respective scenes. So what’s the problem?

The display has a limited range of intensity, depending on the display type. The game engine renders to an unlimited range of intensity values, however. While “maximum intensity” means something to an sRGB display, it has no bearing in the game engine; there is only a potentially infinitely wide range of intensity values generated per frame of rendering.

This means that some transformation of the scene light intensity, also known as scene-referred light ratios, need to be transformed and mapped to fit within the particular output range of the chosen display. This can be most easily understood if we consider virtually photographing our game engine scene through a virtual camera. Here, our virtual camera would apply a particular camera rendering transform to the scene data, and the output would be ready for display on a particular display type.

Note

Godot does not support high dynamic range output yet. It can only perform lighting in HDR and tonemap the result to a low dynamic range image.

Almost all displays require a nonlinear encoding for the code values sent to them. The display in turn, using its unique transfer characteristic, “decodes” the code value into linear light ratios of output, and projects the ratios out of the uniquely colored lights at each reddish, greenish, and blueish emission site.

For a majority of computer displays, the specifications of the display are outlined in accordance with IEC 61966-2-1, also known as the 1996 sRGB specification. This specification outlines how an sRGB display is to behave, including the color of the lights in the LED pixels as well as the transfer characteristics of the input (OETF) and output (EOTF).

Not all displays use the same OETF and EOTF as a computer display. For example, television broadcast displays use the BT.1886 EOTF. However, Godot currently only supports sRGB displays.

The sRGB standard is based around the nonlinear relationship between the current to light output of common desktop computing CRT displays.

The mathematics of a scene-referred model require that we multiply the scene by different values to adjust the intensities and exposure to different light ranges. The transfer function of the display can’t appropriately render the wider dynamic range of the game engine’s scene output using the simple transfer function of the display. A more complex approach to encoding is required.

There are two ways to do this:

This is the easiest method of using sRGB assets, but it’s not the most ideal. One issue with this is loss of quality. Using 8 bits per channel to represent linear light ratios is not sufficient to quantize the values correctly. These textures may also be compressed later, which can exacerbate the problem.

The GPU will do the conversion after reading the texel using floating-point. This works fine on PC and consoles, but most mobile devices don’t support it, or they don’t support it on compressed texture formats (iOS for example).

After all the rendering is done, the scene linear render requires transforming to a suitable output such as an sRGB display. To do this, enable sRGB conversion in the current Environment (more on that below).

Keep in mind that the sRGB -> Display Linear and Display Linear -> sRGB conversions must always be both enabled. Failing to enable one of them will result in horrible visuals suitable only for avant-garde experimental indie games.

HDR settings can be found in the Environment resource. Most of the time, these are found inside a node or set in a Camera node. For more information, see Environment and post-processing.