Process Model

Web browsers are incredibly complicated applications. Aside from their primary ability to display web content, they have many secondary responsibilities, such as managing multiple windows (or tabs) and loading third-party extensions.

In the earlier days, browsers usually used a single process for all of this functionality. Although this pattern meant less overhead for each tab you had open, it also meant that one website crashing or hanging would affect the entire browser.

The multi-process model

To solve this problem, the Chrome team decided that each tab would render in its own process, limiting the harm that buggy or malicious code on a web page could cause to the app as a whole. A single browser process then controls these processes, as well as the application lifecycle as a whole. This diagram below from the Chrome Comic visualizes this model:

Electron applications are structured very similarly. As an app developer, you control two types of processes: and renderer. These are analogous to Chrome’s own browser and renderer processes outlined above.

Each Electron app has a single main process, which acts as the application’s entry point. The main process runs in a Node.js environment, meaning it has the ability to modules and use all of Node.js APIs.

The main process’ primary purpose is to create and manage application windows with the module.

Each instance of the BrowserWindow class creates an application window that loads a web page in a separate renderer process. You can interact with this web content from the main process using the window’s webContents object.

main.js

Because the BrowserWindow module is an , you can also add handlers for various user events (for example, minimizing or maximizing your window).

The main process also controls your application’s lifecycle through Electron’s module. This module provides a large set of events and methods that you can use to add custom application behaviour (for instance, programmatically quitting your application, modifying the application dock, or showing an About panel).

As a practical example, the app shown in the quick start guide uses app APIs to create a more native application window experience.

main.js

// quitting the app when no windows are open on non-macOS platforms
app.on('window-all-closed', () => {
  if (process.platform !== 'darwin') app.quit()

To extend Electron’s features beyond being a Chromium wrapper for web contents, the main process also adds custom APIs to interact with the user’s operating system. Electron exposes various modules that control native desktop functionality, such as menus, dialogs, and tray icons.

For a full list of Electron’s main process modules, check out our API documentation.

The renderer process

Each Electron app spawns a separate renderer process for each open BrowserWindow (and each web embed). As its name implies, a renderer is responsible for rendering web content. For all intents and purposes, code ran in renderer processes should behave according to web standards (insofar as Chromium does, at least).

Therefore, all user interfaces and app functionality within a single browser window should be written with the same tools and paradigms that you use on the web.

Although explaining every web spec is out of scope for this guide, the bare minimum to understand is:

• An HTML file is your entry point for the renderer process.
• UI styling is added through Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
• Executable JavaScript code can be added through <script> elements.

Moreover, this also means that the renderer has no direct access to require or other Node.js APIs. In order to directly include NPM modules in the renderer, you must use the same bundler toolchains (for example, webpack or parcel) that you use on the web.

danger

Renderer processes can be spawned with a full Node.js environment for ease of development. Historically, this used to be the default, but this feature was disabled for security reasons.

Preload scripts contain code that executes in a renderer process before its web content begins loading. These scripts run within the renderer context, but are granted more privileges by having access to Node.js APIs.

A preload script can be attached to the main process in the BrowserWindow constructor’s webPreferences option.

main.js

Because the preload script shares a global Window interface with the renderers and can access Node.js APIs, it serves to enhance your renderer by exposing arbitrary APIs in the window global that your web contents can then consume.

Although preload scripts share a window global with the renderer they’re attached to, you cannot directly attach any variables from the preload script to because of the default.

preload.js

window.myAPI = {
}

renderer.js

Context Isolation means that preload scripts are isolated from the renderer’s main world to avoid leaking any privileged APIs into your web content’s code.

Instead, use the contextBridge module to accomplish this securely:

preload.js

const { contextBridge } = require('electron')
contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld('myAPI', {
  desktop: true,
})

renderer.js

• By exposing helpers to the renderer, you can use inter-process communication (IPC) to trigger main process tasks from the renderer (and vice-versa).
• If you’re developing an Electron wrapper for an existing web app hosted on a remote URL, you can add custom properties onto the renderer’s window global that can be used for desktop-only logic on the web client’s side.

The utility process

Each Electron app can spawn multiple child processes from the main process using the API. The utility process runs in a Node.js environment, meaning it has the ability to modules and use all of Node.js APIs. The utility process can be used to host for example: untrusted services, CPU intensive tasks or crash prone components which would have previously been hosted in the main process or process spawned with Node.js child_process.fork API. The primary difference between the utility process and process spawned by Node.js child_process module is that the utility process can establish a communication channel with a renderer process using s. An Electron app can always prefer the UtilityProcess API over Node.js API when there is need to fork a child process from the main process.