Firebird 2.5 Language Reference
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10.1.7. Savepoints and PSQL
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2021-02-06 11:20:49
Internally, automatic savepoints are used to:
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1. About the Firebird SQL Language Reference: for Firebird 2.5
1.1. Subject Matter
1.2. Authorship
1.3. Acknowledgments
10. Transaction Control
10.1. Transaction Statements
10.1.1. SET TRANSACTION
10.1.2. COMMIT
10.1.3. ROLLBACK
10.1.4. SAVEPOINT
10.1.5. RELEASE SAVEPOINT
10.1.6. Internal Savepoints
10.1.7. Savepoints and PSQL
11. Security
11.1. User Authentication
11.1.1. Specially Privileged Users
11.1.2. RDB$ADMIN Role
11.1.3. Administrators
11.1.4. SQL Statements for User Management
11.2. SQL Privileges
11.2.1. The Object Owner
11.2.2. Statements for Granting Privileges
11.2.3. Statements for Revoking Privileges
Appendix A: Supplementary Information
Appendix B: Exception Codes and Messages
Appendix C: Reserved Words and Keywords
Appendix D: System Tables
Appendix E: Monitoring Tables
Appendix F: Character Sets and Collation Sequences
Appendix G: License notice
Appendix H: Document History
2. SQL Language Structure
2.1. Background to Firebird’s SQL Language
2.2. Basic Elements: Statements, Clauses, Keywords
2.3. Identifiers
2.4. Literals
2.5. Operators and Special Characters
2.6. Comments
3. Data Types and Subtypes
3.1. Integer Data Types
3.2. Floating-Point Data Types
3.3. Fixed-Point Data Types
3.4. Data Types for Dates and Times
3.5. Character Data Types
3.6. Binary Data Types
3.7. Special Data Types
3.8. Conversion of Data Types
3.9. Custom Data Types — Domains
4. Common Language Elements
4.1. Expressions
4.1.1. Constants
4.1.2. SQL Operators
4.1.3. Conditional Expressions
4.1.4. NULL in Expressions
4.1.5. Subqueries
4.2. Predicates
4.2.1. Assertions
4.2.2. Comparison Predicates
4.2.3. Existential Predicates
4.2.4. Quantified Subquery Predicates
5. Data Definition (DDL) Statements
5.1. DATABASE
5.10. FILTER
5.11. SEQUENCE (GENERATOR)
5.12. EXCEPTION
5.13. COLLATION
5.14. CHARACTER SET
5.15. ROLE
5.16. COMMENTS
5.2. SHADOW
5.3. DOMAIN
5.4. TABLE
5.4.1. CREATE TABLE
5.4.2. ALTER TABLE
5.4.3. DROP TABLE
5.4.4. RECREATE TABLE
5.5. INDEX
5.6. VIEW
5.7. TRIGGER
5.8. PROCEDURE
5.9. EXTERNAL FUNCTION
6. Data Manipulation (DML) Statements
6.1. SELECT
6.1.1. FIRST, SKIP
6.1.10. ROWS
6.1.11. FOR UPDATE [OF]
6.1.12. WITH LOCK
6.1.13. INTO
6.1.14. Common Table Expressions (“WITH … AS … SELECT”)
6.1.2. The SELECT Columns List
6.1.3. The FROM clause
6.1.4. Joins
6.1.5. The WHERE clause
6.1.6. The GROUP BY clause
6.1.7. The PLAN clause
6.1.8. UNION
6.1.9. ORDER BY
6.2. INSERT
6.3. UPDATE
6.4. UPDATE OR INSERT
6.5. DELETE
6.6. MERGE
6.7. EXECUTE PROCEDURE
6.8. EXECUTE BLOCK
7. Procedural SQL (PSQL) Statements
7.1. Elements of PSQL
7.2. Stored Procedures
7.3. Stored Functions
7.4. PSQL Blocks
7.5. Triggers
7.6. Writing the Body Code
7.6.1. Assignment Statements
7.6.10. EXECUTE STATEMENT
7.6.11. FOR SELECT
7.6.12. FOR EXECUTE STATEMENT
7.6.13. OPEN
7.6.14. FETCH
7.6.15. CLOSE
7.6.16. IN AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION
7.6.17. POST_EVENT
7.6.2. DECLARE CURSOR
7.6.3. DECLARE VARIABLE
7.6.4. BEGIN … END
7.6.5. IF … THEN … ELSE
7.6.6. WHILE … DO
7.6.7. LEAVE
7.6.8. EXIT
7.6.9. SUSPEND
7.7. Trapping and Handling Errors
7.7.1. System Exceptions
7.7.2. Custom Exceptions
7.7.3. EXCEPTION
7.7.4. WHEN … DO
8. Built-in Functions
8.1. Context Functions
8.10. Aggregate Functions
8.2. Mathematical Functions
8.2.1. ABS()
8.2.10. EXP()
8.2.11. FLOOR()
8.2.12. LN()
8.2.13. LOG()
8.2.14. LOG10()
8.2.15. MOD()
8.2.16. PI()
8.2.17. POWER()
8.2.18. RAND()
8.2.19. ROUND()
8.2.2. ACOS()
8.2.20. SIGN()
8.2.21. SIN()
8.2.22. SINH()
8.2.23. SQRT()
8.2.24. TAN()
8.2.25. TANH()
8.2.26. TRUNC()
8.2.3. ASIN()
8.2.4. ATAN()
8.2.5. ATAN2()
8.2.6. CEIL(), CEILING()
8.2.7. COS()
8.2.8. COSH()
8.2.9. COT()
8.3. String Functions
8.3.1. ASCII_CHAR()
8.3.10. OVERLAY()
8.3.11. POSITION()
8.3.12. REPLACE()
8.3.13. REVERSE()
8.3.14. RIGHT()
8.3.15. RPAD()
8.3.16. SUBSTRING()
8.3.17. TRIM()
8.3.18. UPPER()
8.3.2. ASCII_VAL()
8.3.3. BIT_LENGTH()
8.3.4. CHAR_LENGTH(), CHARACTER_LENGTH()
8.3.5. HASH()
8.3.6. LEFT()
8.3.7. LOWER()
8.3.8. LPAD()
8.3.9. OCTET_LENGTH()
8.4. Date and Time Functions
8.4.1. DATEADD()
8.4.2. DATEDIFF()
8.4.3. EXTRACT()
8.5. Type Casting Functions
8.6. Bitwise Functions
8.7. UUID Functions
8.8. Functions for Sequences (Generators)
8.9. Conditional Functions
9. Context Variables
9.1. CURRENT_CONNECTION
9.10. INSERTING
9.11. NEW
9.12. ‘NOW’
9.13. OLD
9.14. ROW_COUNT
9.15. SQLCODE
9.16. SQLSTATE
9.17. ‘TODAY’
9.18. ‘TOMORROW’
9.19. UPDATING
9.2. CURRENT_DATE
9.20. ‘YESTERDAY’
9.21. USER
9.3. CURRENT_ROLE
9.4. CURRENT_TIME
9.5. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
9.6. CURRENT_TRANSACTION
9.7. CURRENT_USER
9.8. DELETING
9.9. GDSCODE
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