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If you’re just getting started with Flux queries, check out the following:
- for a conceptual overview of Flux and parts of a Flux query.
- Execute queries to discover a variety of ways to run your queries.
Every table has a group key – a list of columns for which every row in the table has the same value.
Example group key
Grouping data in Flux is essentially defining the group key of output tables. Understanding how modifying group keys shapes output data is key to successfully grouping and transforming data into your desired output.
Flux’s group() function defines the group key for output tables, i.e. grouping records based on values for specific columns.
group() example
|> group(columns: ["cpu", "host"])
Resulting group key
[cpu, host]
The group() function has the following parameters:
The list of columns to include or exclude (depending on the ) in the grouping operation.
The method used to define the group and resulting group key. Possible values include by and except.
To illustrate how grouping works, define a dataSet variable that queries System CPU usage from the example-bucket bucket. Filter the cpu tag so it only returns results for each numbered CPU core.
dataSet = from(bucket: "example-bucket")|> range(start: -2m)|> filter(fn: (r) => r._field == "usage_system" and r.cpu =~ /cpu[0-9*]/)|> drop(columns: ["host"])
This example drops the host column from the returned data since the CPU data is only tracked for a single host and it simplifies the output tables. Don’t drop the host column if monitoring multiple hosts.
Note that the group key is output with each table: Table: keys: <group-key>.
Group the dataSet stream by the cpu column.
dataSet|> group(columns: ["cpu"])
This won’t actually change the structure of the data since it already has cpu in the group key and is therefore grouped by cpu. However, notice that it does change the group key:
Group by CPU output tables
Table: keys: [cpu]cpu:string _stop:time _time:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z 7.892107892107892 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z 7.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z 7.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z 5.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z 7.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z 7.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z 10.3 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z 9.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z 8.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z 8.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z 8.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z 10.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 10.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [cpu]cpu:string _stop:time _time:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z 0.7992007992007992 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z 0.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z 1.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z 1.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z 0.8 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z 0.8991008991008991 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z 0.8008008008008008 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z 0.999000999000999 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 1.1022044088176353 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [cpu]cpu:string _stop:time _time:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z 4.1 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z 3.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z 3.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z 2.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z 4.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z 4.895104895104895 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z 6.906906906906907 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z 5.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z 5.1 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z 4.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z 5.1 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z 5.9 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 6.4935064935064934 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [cpu]cpu:string _stop:time _time:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time---------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z 0.5005005005005005 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z 0.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z 0.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z 0.3 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z 0.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z 0.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z 1.3986013986013985 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z 0.9 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z 0.5005005005005005 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z 0.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z 0.8 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Zcpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.9 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z
The visualization remains the same.
Grouping data by the _time column is a good illustration of how grouping changes the structure of your data.
dataSet|> group(columns: ["_time"])
Group by time output tables
Because each timestamp is structured as a separate table, when visualized, all points that share the same timestamp appear connected.
With some further processing, you could calculate the average CPU usage across all CPUs per point of time and group them into a single table, but we won’t cover that in this example. If you’re interested in running and visualizing this yourself, here’s what the query would look like:
dataSet|> group(columns: ["_time"])|> mean()|> group(columns: ["_value", "_time"], mode: "except")
Group by the cpu and _time columns.
dataSet|> group(columns: ["cpu", "_time"])
This outputs a table for every unique cpu and _time combination:
Group by CPU and time output tables
Table: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 7.892107892107892 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.7992007992007992 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 4.1 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.5005005005005005 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 7.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 3.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:10.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 7.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 3.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:20.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 5.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 2.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:30.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.3 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 7.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 4.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:40.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 7.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 4.895104895104895 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:34:50.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 10.3 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 1.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:00.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 6.906906906906907 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------Table: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 9.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 1.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 5.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:10.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.9 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 8.4 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.8 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 5.1 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:20.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.5005005005005005 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 8.5 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.8991008991008991 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 4.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:30.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.7 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 8.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.8008008008008008 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 5.1 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:40.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 10.2 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.999000999000999 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 5.9 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:35:50.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.8 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z cpu0 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 10.6 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z cpu1 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 1.1022044088176353 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z cpu2 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 6.4935064935064934 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000ZTable: keys: [_time, cpu]_time:time cpu:string _stop:time _value:float _field:string _measurement:string _start:time------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z cpu3 2018-11-05T21:36:00.000000000Z 0.9 usage_system cpu 2018-11-05T21:34:00.000000000Z
When visualized, tables appear as individual, unconnected points.
Grouping by and _time is a good illustration of how grouping works.
