Buffer

Raw data is stored in instances of the class. A Buffer is similar
to an array of integers but corresponds to a raw memory allocation outside
the V8 heap. A Buffer cannot be resized.

The Buffer class is a global, making it very rare that one would need
to ever require('buffer').

Converting between Buffers and JavaScript string objects requires an explicit
encoding method. Here are the different string encodings.

'ascii' - for 7 bit ASCII data only. This encoding method is very fast, and
will strip the high bit if set.
'utf8' - Multibyte encoded Unicode characters. Many web pages and other
document formats use UTF-8.
'utf16le' - 2 or 4 bytes, little endian encoded Unicode characters.
Surrogate pairs (U+10000 to U+10FFFF) are supported.
'ucs2' - Alias of 'utf16le'.
'base64' - Base64 string encoding.
'binary' - A way of encoding raw binary data into strings by using only
the first 8 bits of each character. This encoding method is deprecated and
should be avoided in favor of Buffer objects where possible. This encoding
will be removed in future versions of Node.
'hex' - Encode each byte as two hexadecimal characters.

Creating a typed array from a Buffer works with the following caveats:

The buffer’s memory is copied, not shared.
The buffer’s memory is interpreted as an array, not a byte array. That is,
new Uint32Array(new Buffer([1,2,3,4])) creates a 4-element Uint32Array
with elements [1,2,3,4], not an Uint32Array with a single element
[0x1020304] or [0x4030201].

NOTE: Node.js v0.8 simply retained a reference to the buffer in array.buffer
instead of cloning it.

While more efficient, it introduces subtle incompatibilities with the typed
arrays specification. ArrayBuffer#slice() makes a copy of the slice while
Buffer#slice() creates a view.

The Buffer class is a global type for dealing with binary data directly.
It can be constructed in a variety of ways.

size Number

Allocates a new buffer of size octets. Note, size must be no more than
kMaxLength. Otherwise, a RangeError
will be thrown here. Unlike ArrayBuffers, the underlying memory for buffers
is not initialized. So the contents of a newly created Buffer is unknown.
Use buf.fill(0)to initialize a buffer to zeroes.

new Buffer(array)

array Array

Allocates a new buffer using an array of octets.

new Buffer(buffer)

buffer {Buffer}

Copies the passed buffer data onto a new Buffer instance.

new Buffer(str[, encoding])

str String - string to encode.
encoding String - encoding to use, Optional.

Allocates a new buffer containing the given str.
encoding defaults to 'utf8'.

Class Method: Buffer.isEncoding(encoding)

encoding {String} The encoding string to test

Returns true if the encoding is a valid encoding argument, or false
otherwise.

Class Method: Buffer.isBuffer(obj)

obj Object
Return: Boolean

Tests if obj is a Buffer.

Class Method: Buffer.byteLength(string[, encoding])

string String
encoding String, Optional, Default: ‘utf8’
Return: Number

Gives the actual byte length of a string. encoding defaults to 'utf8'.
This is not the same as String.prototype.length since that returns the
number of characters in a string.

Example:

str = '\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be';
console.log(str + ": " + str.length + " characters, " +
  Buffer.byteLength(str, 'utf8') + " bytes");
// ½ + ¼ = ¾: 9 characters, 12 bytes

Class Method: Buffer.concat(list[, totalLength])

list {Array} List of Buffer objects to concat
totalLength {Number} Total length of the buffers when concatenated

Returns a buffer which is the result of concatenating all the buffers in
the list together.

If the list has no items, or if the totalLength is 0, then it returns a
zero-length buffer.

If the list has exactly one item, then the first item of the list is
returned.

If the list has more than one item, then a new Buffer is created.

If totalLength is not provided, it is read from the buffers in the list.
However, this adds an additional loop to the function, so it is faster
to provide the length explicitly.

Class Method: Buffer.compare(buf1, buf2)

buf1 {Buffer}
buf2 {Buffer}

The same as . Useful
for sorting an Array of Buffers:

var arr = [Buffer('1234'), Buffer('0123')];
arr.sort(Buffer.compare);

buf.length

Number

The size of the buffer in bytes. Note that this is not necessarily the size
of the contents. length refers to the amount of memory allocated for the
buffer object. It does not change when the contents of the buffer are changed.

buf = new Buffer(1234);
console.log(buf.length);
buf.write("some string", 0, "ascii");
console.log(buf.length);
// 1234
// 1234

While the length property is not immutable, changing the value of length
can result in undefined and inconsistent behavior. Applications that wish to
modify the length of a buffer should therefore treat length as read-only and
use buf.slice to create a new buffer.

buf = new Buffer(10);
buf.write("abcdefghj", 0, "ascii");
console.log(buf.length); // 10
buf = buf.slice(0,5);
console.log(buf.length); // 5

buf.write(string[, offset][, length][, encoding])

string String - data to be written to buffer
offset Number, Optional, Default: 0
length Number, Optional, Default: buffer.length - offset
encoding String, Optional, Default: ‘utf8’

Writes string to the buffer at offset using the given encoding.
offset defaults to 0, encoding defaults to 'utf8'. length is
the number of bytes to write. Returns number of octets written. If buffer did
not contain enough space to fit the entire string, it will write a partial
amount of the string. length defaults to buffer.length - offset.
The method will not write partial characters.

buf = new Buffer(256);
len = buf.write('\u00bd + \u00bc = \u00be', 0);
console.log(len + " bytes: " + buf.toString('utf8', 0, len));

buf.writeUIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeUIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeIntLE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.writeIntBE(value, offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

value {Number} Bytes to be written to buffer
offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length
byteLength {Number} 0 < byteLength <= 6
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset and byteLength.
Supports up to 48 bits of accuracy. For example:

var b = new Buffer(6);
b.writeUIntBE(0x1234567890ab, 0, 6);
// <Buffer 12 34 56 78 90 ab>

buf.readUIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readUIntBE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

buf.readIntLE(offset, byteLength[, noAssert])

offset {Number} 0 <= offset <= buf.length
byteLength {Number} 0 < byteLength <= 6
noAssert {Boolean} Default: false
Return: {Number}

A generalized version of all numeric read methods. Supports up to 48 bits of
accuracy. For example:

var b = new Buffer(6);
b.writeUInt32LE(0x12345678, 2);
b.readUIntLE(0, 6).toString(16);  // Specify 6 bytes (48 bits)
// output: '1234567890ab'

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

buf.toString([encoding][, start][, end])

encoding String, Optional, Default: ‘utf8’
start Number, Optional, Default: 0
end Number, Optional, Default: buffer.length

Decodes and returns a string from buffer data encoded using the specified
character set encoding. If encoding is undefined or null, then encoding
defaults to 'utf8'. Thestartandendparameters default to0andbuffer.lengthwhenundefined`.

See buffer.write() example, above.

buf.toJSON()

Returns a JSON-representation of the Buffer instance. JSON.stringify
implicitly calls this function when stringifying a Buffer instance.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer('test');
var json = JSON.stringify(buf);
console.log(json);
// '{"type":"Buffer","data":[116,101,115,116]}'
var copy = JSON.parse(json, function(key, value) {
    return value && value.type === 'Buffer'
      ? new Buffer(value.data)
      : value;
  });
console.log(copy);
// <Buffer 74 65 73 74>

buf[index]

Get and set the octet at index. The values refer to individual bytes,
so the legal range is between 0x00 and 0xFF hex or 0 and 255.

Example: copy an ASCII string into a buffer, one byte at a time:

str = "node.js";
buf = new Buffer(str.length);
for (var i = 0; i < str.length ; i++) {
  buf[i] = str.charCodeAt(i);
}
// node.js

buf.equals(otherBuffer)

otherBuffer {Buffer}

Returns a boolean of whether this and otherBuffer have the same
bytes.

buf.compare(otherBuffer)

otherBuffer {Buffer}

Returns a number indicating whether this comes before or after or is
the same as the otherBuffer in sort order.

buf.copy(targetBuffer[, targetStart][, sourceStart][, sourceEnd])

targetBuffer Buffer object - Buffer to copy into
targetStart Number, Optional, Default: 0
sourceStart Number, Optional, Default: 0
sourceEnd Number, Optional, Default: buffer.length

Copies data from a region of this buffer to a region in the target buffer even
if the target memory region overlaps with the source. If undefined the
targetStart and sourceStart parameters default to 0 while sourceEnd
defaults to buffer.length.

Example: build two Buffers, then copy buf1 from byte 16 through byte 19
into buf2, starting at the 8th byte in buf2.

buf1 = new Buffer(26);
buf2 = new Buffer(26);
for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  buf1[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
  buf2[i] = 33; // ASCII !
}
buf1.copy(buf2, 8, 16, 20);
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, 25));
// !!!!!!!!qrst!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Example: Build a single buffer, then copy data from one region to an overlapping
region in the same buffer

buf = new Buffer(26);
for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  buf[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
}
buf.copy(buf, 0, 4, 10);
console.log(buf.toString());
// efghijghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

buf.slice([start][, end])

start Number, Optional, Default: 0
end Number, Optional, Default: buffer.length

Returns a new buffer which references the same memory as the old, but offset
and cropped by the start (defaults to 0) and end (defaults to
buffer.length) indexes. Negative indexes start from the end of the buffer.

Modifying the new buffer slice will modify memory in the original buffer!

Example: build a Buffer with the ASCII alphabet, take a slice, then modify one
byte from the original Buffer.

var buf1 = new Buffer(26);
for (var i = 0 ; i < 26 ; i++) {
  buf1[i] = i + 97; // 97 is ASCII a
}
var buf2 = buf1.slice(0, 3);
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
buf1[0] = 33;
console.log(buf2.toString('ascii', 0, buf2.length));
// abc
// !bc

buf.readUInt8(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Reads an unsigned 8 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf[0] = 0x3;
buf[1] = 0x4;
buf[2] = 0x23;
buf[3] = 0x42;
for (ii = 0; ii < buf.length; ii++) {
  console.log(buf.readUInt8(ii));
}
// 0x3
// 0x4
// 0x23
// 0x42

buf.readUInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Reads an unsigned 16 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with
specified endian format.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf[0] = 0x3;
buf[1] = 0x4;
buf[2] = 0x23;
buf[3] = 0x42;
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(0));
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(0));
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(1));
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(1));
console.log(buf.readUInt16BE(2));
console.log(buf.readUInt16LE(2));
// 0x0304
// 0x0403
// 0x0423
// 0x2304
// 0x2342
// 0x4223

buf.readUInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readUInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Reads an unsigned 32 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with
specified endian format.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Example:

buf.readInt8(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Reads a signed 8 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Works as buffer.readUInt8, except buffer contents are treated as two’s
complement signed values.

buf.readInt16LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt16BE(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Reads a signed 16 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with
specified endian format.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Works as buffer.readUInt16*, except buffer contents are treated as two’s
complement signed values.

buf.readInt32LE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readInt32BE(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
Return: Number

Reads a signed 32 bit integer from the buffer at the specified offset with
specified endian format.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Works as buffer.readUInt32*, except buffer contents are treated as two’s
complement signed values.

buf.readFloatBE(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf[0] = 0x00;
buf[1] = 0x00;
buf[2] = 0x80;
buf[3] = 0x3f;
console.log(buf.readFloatLE(0));
// 0x01

buf.readDoubleLE(offset[, noAssert])

buf.readDoubleBE(offset[, noAssert])

offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false
Return: Number

Reads a 64 bit double from the buffer at the specified offset with specified
endian format.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of offset. This means that offset
may be beyond the end of the buffer. Defaults to false.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(8);
buf[0] = 0x55;
buf[1] = 0x55;
buf[2] = 0x55;
buf[3] = 0x55;
buf[4] = 0x55;
buf[5] = 0x55;
buf[6] = 0xd5;
buf[7] = 0x3f;
// 0.3333333333333333

buf.writeUInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset. Note, value must be a
valid unsigned 8 bit integer.

Set noAssert to true to skip validation of value and offset. This means
that value may be too large for the specific function and offset may be
beyond the end of the buffer leading to the values being silently dropped. This
should not be used unless you are certain of correctness. Defaults to false.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf.writeUInt8(0x3, 0);
buf.writeUInt8(0x4, 1);
buf.writeUInt8(0x23, 2);
buf.writeUInt8(0x42, 3);
console.log(buf);
// <Buffer 03 04 23 42>

buf.writeUInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian
format. Note, value must be a valid unsigned 16 bit integer.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf.writeUInt16BE(0xdead, 0);
buf.writeUInt16BE(0xbeef, 2);
console.log(buf);
buf.writeUInt16LE(0xdead, 0);
buf.writeUInt16LE(0xbeef, 2);
console.log(buf);
// <Buffer de ad be ef>
// <Buffer ad de ef be>

buf.writeUInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeUInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian
format. Note, value must be a valid unsigned 32 bit integer.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf.writeUInt32BE(0xfeedface, 0);
console.log(buf);
buf.writeUInt32LE(0xfeedface, 0);
console.log(buf);
// <Buffer fe ed fa ce>
// <Buffer ce fa ed fe>

buf.writeInt8(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset. Note, value must be a
valid signed 8 bit integer.

Works as buffer.writeUInt8, except value is written out as a two’s complement
signed integer into buffer.

buf.writeInt16LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt16BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian
format. Note, value must be a valid signed 16 bit integer.

Works as buffer.writeUInt16*, except value is written out as a two’s
complement signed integer into buffer.

buf.writeInt32LE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeInt32BE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian
format. Note, value must be a valid signed 32 bit integer.

Works as buffer.writeUInt32*, except value is written out as a two’s
complement signed integer into buffer.

buf.writeFloatLE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeFloatBE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian
format. Note, behavior is unspecified if value is not a 32 bit float.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(4);
buf.writeFloatBE(0xcafebabe, 0);
console.log(buf);
buf.writeFloatLE(0xcafebabe, 0);
console.log(buf);
// <Buffer 4f 4a fe bb>
// <Buffer bb fe 4a 4f>

buf.writeDoubleLE(value, offset[, noAssert])

buf.writeDoubleBE(value, offset[, noAssert])

value Number
offset Number
noAssert Boolean, Optional, Default: false

Writes value to the buffer at the specified offset with specified endian
format. Note, value must be a valid 64 bit double.

Example:

var buf = new Buffer(8);
buf.writeDoubleBE(0xdeadbeefcafebabe, 0);
console.log(buf);
buf.writeDoubleLE(0xdeadbeefcafebabe, 0);
console.log(buf);
// <Buffer 43 eb d5 b7 dd f9 5f d7>
// <Buffer d7 5f f9 dd b7 d5 eb 43>

value
offset Number, Optional
end Number, Optional

Fills the buffer with the specified value. If the offset (defaults to 0)
and end (defaults to buffer.length) are not given it will fill the entire
buffer.

Number, Default: 50

How many bytes will be returned when buffer.inspect() is called. This can
be overridden by user modules.

Note that this is a property on the buffer module returned by
require('buffer'), not on the Buffer global, or a buffer instance.

Returns an un-pooled Buffer.

In order to avoid the garbage collection overhead of creating many individually
allocated Buffers, by default allocations under 4KB are sliced from a single
larger allocated object. This approach improves both performance and memory
usage since v8 does not need to track and cleanup as many Persistent objects.

// need to keep around a few small chunks of memory
var store = [];
socket.on('readable', function() {
  var data = socket.read();
  // allocate for retained data
  var sb = new SlowBuffer(10);
  // copy the data into the new allocation
  data.copy(sb, 0, 0, 10);

Though this should used sparingly and only be a last resort after a developer
has actively observed undue memory retention in their applications.