Type checking

    There are three modes currently available. They must be annotated on the top few lines among the comments.

    • ,
    • --!nonstrict (default), and
    • --!strict

    nocheck mode will simply not start the type inference engine whatsoever.

    As for the other two, they are largely similar but with one important difference: in nonstrict mode, we infer any for most of the types if we couldn’t figure it out early enough. This means that given this snippet:

    We can infer foo to be of type number, whereas the foo in the snippet below is inferred any:

    1. local foo
    2. foo = 1

    However, given the second snippet in strict mode, the type checker would be able to infer number for foo.

    Structural type system

    Luau’s type system is structural by default, which is to say that we inspect the shape of two tables to see if they are similar enough. This was the obvious choice because Lua 5.1 is inherently structural.

    1. type A = {x: number, y: number, z: number?}
    2. type B = {x: number, y: number, z: number}
    4. local a1: A = {x = 1, y = 2}        -- ok
    5. local b1: B = {x = 1, y = 2, z = 3} -- ok
    7. local a2: A = b1 -- ok
    8. local b2: B = a1 -- not ok

    Primitive types

    Lua VM supports 8 primitive types: nil, string, number, boolean, table, function, thread, and userdata. Of these, table and function are not represented by name, but have their dedicated syntax as covered in this syntax document, and userdata is represented by ; other types can be specified by their name.

    Additionally, we also have any which is a special built-in type. It effectively disables all type checking, and thus should be used as last resort.

    1. local s = "foo"
    2. local n = 1
    3. local b = true
    4. local t = coroutine.running()
    6. local a: any = 1
    7. print(a.x) -- Type checker believes this to be ok, but crashes at runtime.

    There’s a special case where we intentionally avoid inferring nil. It’s a good thing because it’s never useful for a local variable to always be nil, thereby permitting you to assign things to it for Luau to infer that instead.

    1. local a
    2. local b = nil

    Function types

    Let’s start with something simple.

    1. local function f(x) return x end
    3. local a: number = f(1)     -- ok
    4. local b: string = f("foo") -- ok
    5. local c: string = f(true)  -- not ok

    In strict mode, the inferred type of this function f is <A>(A) -> A (take a look at ), whereas in nonstrict we infer (any) -> any. We know this is true because f can take anything and then return that. If we used x with another concrete type, then we would end up inferring that.

    Similarly, we can infer the types of the parameters with ease. By passing a parameter into anything that also has a type, we are saying “this and that has the same type.”

    1. local function greetingsHelper(name: string)
    2.     return "Hello, " .. name
    3. end
    5. local function greetings(name)
    6.     return greetingsHelper(name)
    7. end
    9. print(greetings("Alexander"))          -- ok
    10. print(greetings({name = "Alexander"})) -- not ok

    Table types

    From the type checker perspective, each table can be in one of three states. They are: unsealed table, sealed table, and generic table. This is intended to represent how the table’s type is allowed to change.

    An unsealed table is a table whose properties could still be tacked on. This occurs when the table constructor literal had zero expressions. This is one way to accumulate knowledge of the shape of this table.

    1. local t = {} -- {}
    2. t.x = 1      -- {x: number}
    3. t.y = 2      -- {x: number, y: number}

    However, if this local were written as local t: {} = {}, it ends up sealing the table, so the two assignments henceforth will not be ok.

    Furthermore, once we exit the scope where this unsealed table was created in, we seal it.

    1. local function vec2(x, y)
    2.     local t = {}
    3.     t.x = x
    4.     t.y = y
    5.     return t
    6. end
    8. local v2 = vec2(1, 2)
    9. v2.z = 3 -- not ok

    A sealed table is a table that is now locked down. This occurs when the table constructor literal had 1 or more expression, or when the table type is spelt out explicitly via a type annotation.

    1. local t = {x = 1} -- {x: number}
    2. t.y = 2           -- not ok

    Sealed tables support width subtyping, which allows a table with more properties to be used as a table with fewer

    1. type Point1D = { x : number }
    2. type Point2D = { x : number, y : number }
    3. local p : Point2D = { x = 5, y = 37 }
    4. local q : Point1D = p -- ok because Point2D has more properties than Point1D

    This typically occurs when the symbol does not have any annotated types or were not inferred anything concrete. In this case, when you index on a parameter, you’re requesting that there is a table with a matching interface.

    1. local function f(t)
    2.     return t.x + t.y
    3.            --^   --^ {x: _, y: _}
    5. f({x = 1, y = 2})        -- ok
    6. f({x = 1, y = 2, z = 3}) -- ok
    7. f({x = 1})               -- not ok

    Table indexers

    These are particularly useful for when your table is used similarly to an array.

    1. local t = {"Hello", "world!"} -- {[number]: string}
    2. print(table.concat(t, ", "))

    Luau supports a concise declaration for array-like tables, {T} (for example, {string} is equivalent to {[number]: string}); the more explicit definition of an indexer is still useful when the key isn’t a number, or when the table has other fields like { [number]: string, n: number }.

    The type inference engine was built from the ground up to recognize generics. A generic is simply a type parameter in which another type could be slotted in. It’s extremely useful because it allows the type inference engine to remember what the type actually is, unlike any.

    1. type Pair<T> = {first: T, second: T}
    3. local strings: Pair<string> = {first="Hello", second="World"}
    4. local numbers: Pair<number> = {first=1, second=2}

    Generic functions

    1. function reverse(a)
    2.   local result = {}
    3.   for i = #a, 1, -1 do
    4.     table.insert(result, a[i])
    5.   end
    6.   return result
    7. end

    The type of this function is that it can reverse an array, and return an array of the same type. Luau can infer this type, but if you want to be explicit, you can declare the type parameter T, for example:

    When a generic function is called, Luau infers type arguments, for example

    1. local x: {number} = reverse({1, 2, 3})
    2. local y: {string} = reverse({"a", "b", "c"})

    Generic types are used for built-in functions as well as user functions, for example the type of two-argument table.insert is:

    1. <T>({T}, T) -> ()

    Union types

    A union type represents one of the types in this set. If you try to pass a union onto another thing that expects a more specific type, it will fail.

    For example, what if this string | number was passed into something that expects number, but the passed in value was actually a string?

    1. local stringOrNumber: string | number = "foo"
    3. local onlyString: string = stringOrNumber -- not ok
    4. local onlyNumber: number = stringOrNumber -- not ok

    Note: it’s impossible to be able to call a function if there are two or more function types in this union.

    Intersection types

    An intersection type represents all of the types in this set. It’s useful for two main things: to join multiple tables together, or to specify overloadable functions.

    1. type XCoord = {x: number}
    2. type YCoord = {y: number}
    3. type ZCoord = {z: number}
    5. type Vector2 = XCoord & YCoord
    6. type Vector3 = XCoord & YCoord & ZCoord
    8. local vec2: Vector2 = {x = 1, y = 2}        -- ok
    9. local vec3: Vector3 = {x = 1, y = 2, z = 3} -- ok
    1. type SimpleOverloadedFunction = ((string) -> number) & ((number) -> string)
    3. local f: SimpleOverloadedFunction
    5. local r1: number = f("foo") -- ok
    6. local r2: number = f(12345) -- not ok
    7. local r3: string = f("foo") -- not ok
    8. local r4: string = f(12345) -- ok

    Note: it’s impossible to create an intersection type of some primitive types, e.g. string & number, or string & boolean, or other variations thereof.

    Note: Luau still does not support user-defined overloaded functions. Some of Roblox and Lua 5.1 functions have different function signature, so inherently requires overloaded functions.

    Singleton types (aka literal types)

    Luau’s type system also supports singleton types, which means it’s a type that represents one single value at runtime. At this time, both string and booleans are representable in types.

    1. local foo: "Foo" = "Foo" -- ok
    2. local bar: "Bar" = foo   -- not ok
    3. local baz: string = foo  -- ok
    5. local t: true = true -- ok
    6. local f: false = false -- ok

    This happens all the time, especially through type refinements and is also incredibly useful when you want to enforce program invariants in the type system! See for more information.

    Variadic types

    Luau permits assigning a type to the ... variadic symbol like any other parameter:

    1. local function f(...: number)
    2. end
    4. f(1, 2, 3)     -- ok
    5. f(1, "string") -- not ok

    f accepts any number of number values.

    In type annotations, this is written as ...T:

    1. type F = (...number) -> ...string

    Multiple function return values as well as the function variadic parameter use a type pack to represent a list of types.

    When a type alias is defined, generic type pack parameters can be used after the type parameters:

    1. type Signal<T, U...> = { f: (T, U...) -> (), data: T }

    Keep in mind that ...T is a variadic type pack (many elements of the same type T), while U... is a generic type pack that can contain zero or more types and they don’t have to be the same.

    It is also possible for a generic function to reference a generic type pack from the generics list:

    1. local function call<T, U...>(s: Signal<T, U...>, ...: U...)
    2.     s.f(s.data, ...)
    3. end

    Generic types with type packs can be instantiated by providing a type pack:

    1. local signal: Signal<string, (number, number, boolean)> = --
    3. call(signal, 1, 2, false)

    There are also other ways to instantiate types with generic type pack parameters:

    1. type A<T, U...> = (T) -> U...
    3. type B = A<number, ...string> -- with a variadic type pack
    4. type C<S...> = A<number, S...> -- with a generic type pack
    5. type D = A<number, ()> -- with an empty type pack

    Trailing type pack argument can also be provided without parentheses by specifying variadic type arguments:

    1. type List<Head, Rest...> = (Head, Rest...) -> ()
    3. type B = List<number> -- Rest... is ()
    4. type C = List<number, string, boolean> -- Rest is (string, boolean)
    6. type Returns<T...> = () -> T...
    8. -- When there are no type parameters, the list can be left empty
    9. type D = Returns<> -- T... is ()
    1. type Callback<Args..., Rets...> = { f: (Args...) -> Rets... }
    3. type A = Callback<(number, string), ...number>

    Typing idiomatic OOP

    One common pattern we see throughout Roblox is this OOP idiom. A downside with this pattern is that it does not automatically create a type binding for an instance of that class, so one has to write type Account = typeof(Account.new("", 0)).

    Tagged unions

    Tagged unions are just union types! In particular, they’re union types of tables where they have at least some common properties but the structure of the tables are different enough. Here’s one example:

    1. type Ok<T> = { type: "ok", value: T }
    2. type Err<E> = { type: "err", error: E }
    3. type Result<T, E> = Ok<T> | Err<E>

    This Result<T, E> type can be discriminated by using type refinements on the property type, like so:

    1. if result.type == "ok" then
    2.     -- and attempting to index for error here will fail
    3.     print(result.value)
    4. elseif result.type == "err" then
    5.     -- result is known to be Err<E>
    6.     -- and attempting to index for value here will fail
    7.     print(result.error)
    8. end

    Which works out because value: T exists only when type is in actual fact "ok", and error: E exists only when type is in actual fact "err".

    Type refinements

    When we check the type of any lvalue (a global, a local, or a property), what we’re doing is we’re refining the type, hence “type refinement.” The support for this is arbitrarily complex, so go crazy!

    Here are all the ways you can refine:

    1. Truthy test: if x then will refine x to be truthy.
    2. Type guards: will refine x to be number.
    3. Equality: x == "hello" will refine x to be a singleton type "hello".

    And they can be composed with many of and/or/not. not, just like ~=, will flip the resulting refinements, that is not x will refine x to be falsy.

    Using truthy test:

    1. local maybeString: string? = nil
    3. if maybeString then
    4.     local onlyString: string = maybeString -- ok
    5.     local onlyNil: nil = maybeString       -- not ok
    6. end
    8. if not maybeString then
    9.     local onlyString: string = maybeString -- not ok
    10.     local onlyNil: nil = maybeString       -- ok
    11. end

    Using type test:

    1. local stringOrNumber: string | number = "foo"
    3. if type(stringOrNumber) == "string" then
    4.     local onlyString: string = stringOrNumber -- ok
    5.     local onlyNumber: number = stringOrNumber -- not ok
    6. end
    8. if type(stringOrNumber) ~= "string" then
    9.     local onlyString: string = stringOrNumber -- not ok
    10.     local onlyNumber: number = stringOrNumber -- ok
    11. end

    Using equality test:

    1. local myString: string = f()
    3. if myString == "hello" then
    4.     local hello: "hello" = myString -- ok because it is absolutely "hello"!
    5.     local copy: string = myString   -- ok
    6. end

    And as said earlier, we can compose as many of and/or/not as we wish with these refinements:

    1. local function f(x: any, y: any)
    2.     if (x == "hello" or x == "bye") and type(y) == "string" then
    3.         -- x is of type "hello" | "bye"
    4.         -- y is of type string
    5.     end
    7.     if not (x ~= "hi") then
    8.         -- x is of type "hi"
    9.     end
    10. end

    assert can also be used to refine in all the same ways:

    1. local stringOrNumber: string | number = "foo"
    3. assert(type(stringOrNumber) == "string")
    5. local onlyString: string = stringOrNumber -- ok
    6. local onlyNumber: number = stringOrNumber -- not ok

    Type casts

    Expressions may be typecast using ::. Typecasting is useful for specifying the type of an expression when the automatically inferred type is too generic.

    For example, consider the following table constructor where the intent is to store a table of names:

    1. local myTable = {names = {}}
    2. table.insert(myTable.names, 42)         -- Inserting a number ought to cause a type error, but doesn't

    In order to specify the type of the names table a typecast may be used:

    1. local myTable = {names = {} :: {string}}
    2. table.insert(myTable.names, 42)         -- not ok, invalid 'number' to 'string' conversion

    A typecast itself is also type checked to ensure the conversion is made to a subtype of the expression’s type or any:

    1. local numericValue = 1
    2. local value = numericValue :: any             -- ok, all expressions may be cast to 'any'
    3. local flag = numericValue :: boolean          -- not ok, invalid 'number' to 'boolean' conversion

    Roblox types

    Roblox supports a rich set of classes and data types, documented here. All of them are readily available for the type checker to use by their name (e.g. Part or RaycastResult).

    When one type inherits from another type, the type checker models this relationship and allows to cast a subclass to the parent class implicitly, so you can pass a Part to a function that expects an Instance.

    All enums are also available to use by their name as part of the Enum type library, e.g. local m: Enum.Material = part.Material.

    Finally, we can automatically deduce what calls like Instance.new and game:GetService are supposed to return:

    1. local part = Instance.new("Part")
    2. local basePart: BasePart = part

    Note that many of these types provide some properties and methods in both lowerCase and UpperCase; the lowerCase variants are deprecated, and the type system will ask you to use the UpperCase variants instead.

    Let’s say that we have two modules, Foo and Bar. Luau will try to resolve the paths if it can find any require in any scripts. In this case, when you say script.Parent.Bar, Luau will resolve it as: relative to this script, go to my parent and get that script named Bar.

    1. -- Module Foo
    2. local Bar = require(script.Parent.Bar)
    4. local baz1: Bar.Baz = 1     -- not ok
    5. local baz2: Bar.Baz = "foo" -- ok
    7. print(Bar.Quux)         -- ok
    8. print(Bar.FakeProperty) -- not ok
    10. Bar.NewProperty = true -- not ok
    1. -- Module Bar
    2. export type Baz = string
    4. local module = {}
    6. module.Quux = "Hello, world!"
    8. return module

    Cyclic module dependencies can cause problems for the type checker. In order to break a module dependency cycle a typecast of the module to any may be used: