is an object with data properties and methods for processing numbers.

    You can see it as a poor man’s module. Today, it would probably be created as a module, but it has existed since long before modules.

    • Math.E: number [ES1]

    Euler’s number, base of the natural logarithms, approximately 2.7182818284590452354.

    • Math.LN10: number [ES1]

    The natural logarithm of 10, approximately 2.302585092994046.

    • Math.LN2: number [ES1]

    The natural logarithm of 2, approximately 0.6931471805599453.

    • Math.LOG10E: number [ES1]

    The logarithm of e to base 10, approximately 0.4342944819032518.

    • Math.LOG2E: number [ES1]

    The logarithm of e to base 2, approximately 1.4426950408889634.

    • Math.PI: number [ES1]

    The mathematical constant π, ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter, approximately 3.1415926535897932.

    • Math.SQRT1_2: number [ES1]

    The square root of 1/2, approximately 0.7071067811865476.

    • Math.SQRT2: number [ES1]

    The square root of 2, approximately 1.4142135623730951.

    16.2. Exponents, roots, logarithms

    • Math.cbrt(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the cube root of x.

    • Math.exp(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns ex (e being Euler’s number). The inverse of Math.log().

    2. 1
    4. true
    • Math.expm1(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns Math.exp(x)-1. The inverse of Math.log1p(). Very small numbers (fractions close to 0) are represented with a higher precision. This function returns such values whenever the result of .exp() is close to 1.

    • Math.log(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the natural logarithm of x (to base e, Euler’s number). The inverse of Math.exp().

    2. 0
    4. 1
    6. 2
    • Math.log1p(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns Math.log(1 + x). The inverse of Math.expm1(). Very small numbers (fractions close to 0) are represented with a higher precision. This function receives such numbers whenever a parameter to .log() is close to 1.

    • Math.log10(x: number): number [ES6]
    2. 0
    4. 1
    6. 2
    • Math.log2(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the logarithm of x to base 2. The inverse of 2 ** x.

    2. 0
    4. 1
    6. 2
    • Math.pow(x: number, y: number): number [ES1]

    Returns xy, x to the power of y. The same as x ** y.

    2. 8
    • Math.sqrt(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the square root of x. The inverse of x ** 2.

    1. > Math.sqrt(9)

    Rounding means converting an arbitrary number to an integer (a number without a decimal fraction). Tbl. 15 lists the available functions and what they return for a few representative inputs.

    • Math.ceil(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the smallest (closest to −∞) integer i with x ≤ i.

    2. 2
    4. 3
    • Math.floor(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the greatest (closest to +∞) integer i with i ≤ x.

    • Math.round(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the integer that is closest to x. If the decimal fraction of x is .5 then .round() rounds up (to the integer closer to positive infinity):

    2. 3
    4. -2
    • Math.trunc(x: number): number [ES6]

    Removes the decimal fraction of x and returns the resulting integer.

    2. 1
    4. 2

    16.4. Trigonometric Functions

    All angles are specified in radians. Use the following two functions to convert between degrees and radians.

    1. function toRadians(degrees) {
    3. }
    5.   return radians / Math.PI * 180;
    • Math.acos(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of x.

    1. > Math.acos(0)
    3. > Math.acos(1)
    • Math.acosh(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of x.

    • Math.asin(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the arc sine (inverse sine) of x.

    1. > Math.asin(0)
    3. > Math.asin(1)
    • Math.asinh(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of x.

    • [ES1]

    Returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of x.

    • Math.atanh(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of x.

    • Math.atan2(y: number, x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the arc tangent of the quotient y/x.

    • Math.cos(x: number): number [ES1]
    1. > Math.cos(0)
    3. > Math.cos(Math.PI)
    • Math.cosh(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.

    Returns the square root of the sum of the squares of values (Pythagoras’ theorem):

    1. > Math.hypot(3, 4)
    • Math.sin(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the sine of x.

    • Math.sinh(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.

    • Math.tan(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the tangent of x.

    1. > Math.tan(0)
    3. > Math.tan(1)
    • Math.tanh(x: number): number; [ES6]

    Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

    WebAssembly is a virtual machine based on JavaScript that is supported by most JavaScript engines.

    asm.js is a precursor to WebAssembly. It is a subset of JavaScript that produces fast executables if static languages (such as C++) are compiled to it. In a way, it is also a virtual machine, within the confines of JavaScript.

    The following two methods help asm.js and have few use cases, otherwise.

    • Math.fround(x: number): number [ES6]

    Rounds x to a 32-bit floating point value (float). Used by asm.js to tell an engine to internally use a float value (normal numbers are doubles and take up 64 bits).

    • Math.imul(x: number, y: number): number [ES6]

    Multiplies the two 32 bit integers x and y and returns the lower 32 bits of the result. Needed by asm.js: All other basic 32-bit math operations can be simulated by coercing 64-bit results to 32 bits. With multiplication, you may lose bits for results beyond 32 bits.

    16.6. Various other functions

    • Math.abs(x: number): number [ES1]

    Returns the absolute value of x.

    2. 3
    4. 3
    6. 0
    • Math.clz32(x: number): number [ES6]

    Counts the leading zero bits in the 32-bit integer x. Used in DSP algorithms.

    2. 1
    4. 2
    6. 30
    8. 31
    • Math.max(…values: number[]): number [ES1]

    Converts values to numbers and returns the largest one.

    2. 24
    • Math.min(…values: number[]): number [ES1]

    Converts values to numbers and returns the smallest one.

    2. -5
    • Math.random(): number [ES1]

    Returns a pseudo-random number n where 0 ≤ n < 1.

    2.   return Math.floor(Math.random() * max);
    • Math.sign(x: number): number [ES6]

    Returns the sign of a number:

    1. > Math.sign(-8)
    3. > Math.sign(0)
    6. 1