米斯特白帽培训讲义 工具篇 Nmap

    Nmap（网络映射器）是由 Gordon Lyon 涉及，用来探测计算机网络上的主机和服务的一种安全扫描器。为了绘制网络拓补图，Nmap 发送特制的数据包到目标主机，然后对返回数据包进行分析。Nmap 是一款枚举和测试网络的强大工具。

    Nmap 有两种界面：可视化界面和命令行界面。

    典型用途：

    • 通过对设备或者防火墙的探测来审计其安全性。
    • 探测目标主机的开放端口。
    • 网络存储、网络映射、维护和资产管理。（这个有待深入）
    • 通过识别新的服务器审计网络的安全性。
    • 探测网络上的主机。

    Nmap 默认使用 ICMP ping 和 TCP 全连接（）进行主机发现，以及使用 TCP 全连接（-sT） 执行主机扫描。默认扫描端口是 1 ~ 1024，以及其列表中的常用端口。

    例子：

    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap 192.168.1.1
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 10:37 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    4. Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
    5. Host is up (0.0062s latency).
    6. Not shown: 993 closed ports
    7. PORT      STATE    SERVICE
    8. 21/tcp    filtered ftp
    9. 22/tcp    filtered ssh
    10. 23/tcp    filtered telnet
    11. 53/tcp    open     domain
    12. 80/tcp    open     http
    13. 49152/tcp open     unknown
    14. 49153/tcp open     unknown
    15. MAC Address: 68:89:C1:74:84:43 (Huawei Technologies)
    17. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 3.40 seconds

    多个 IP 可以以逗号分隔：192.168.1.1,2,3,4,5，也可以使用短横线来表示范围：192.168.1.1-255，也可以使用 CIDR 记法：192.168.1.0/24。

    显示详细结果

    1. nmap -vv <目标 IP>
    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap -vv 192.168.1.1
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 10:47 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    4. Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 10:47
    5. Scanning 192.168.1.1 [1 port]
    6. Completed ARP Ping Scan at 10:47, 0.15s elapsed (1 total hosts)
    7. Initiating Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 10:47
    8. Completed Parallel DNS resolution of 1 host. at 10:47, 0.01s elapsed
    9. Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 10:47
    10. Scanning localhost (192.168.1.1) [1000 ports]
    11. Discovered open port 80/tcp on 192.168.1.1
    12. Discovered open port 53/tcp on 192.168.1.1
    13. Discovered open port 49153/tcp on 192.168.1.1
    14. Discovered open port 49152/tcp on 192.168.1.1
    15. Completed SYN Stealth Scan at 10:47, 2.27s elapsed (1000 total ports)
    16. Nmap scan report for localhost (192.168.1.1)
    17. Host is up, received arp-response (0.0052s latency).
    18. Scanned at 2016-12-22 10:47:09 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±?? for 3s
    19. Not shown: 993 closed ports
    20. Reason: 993 resets
    21. PORT      STATE    SERVICE REASON
    22. 21/tcp    filtered ftp     no-response
    23. 22/tcp    filtered ssh     no-response
    24. 23/tcp    filtered telnet  no-response
    25. 53/tcp    open     domain  syn-ack ttl 64
    26. 80/tcp    open     http    syn-ack ttl 64
    27. 49152/tcp open     unknown syn-ack ttl 64
    28. 49153/tcp open     unknown syn-ack ttl 64
    30. Read data files from: C:\Program Files (x86)\Nmap
    31. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.92 seconds
    32.            Raw packets sent: 1004 (44.160KB) | Rcvd: 998 (39.924KB)
    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 1-500
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 10:59 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    5. Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.1
    6. Host is up (0.0061s latency).
    7. Not shown: 495 closed ports
    8. PORT   STATE    SERVICE
    9. 21/tcp filtered ftp
    10. 22/tcp filtered ssh
    11. 23/tcp filtered telnet
    12. 53/tcp open     domain
    13. 80/tcp open     http
    14. MAC Address: 68:89:C1:74:84:43 (Huawei Technologies)
    16. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.08 seconds

    端口可以是单个，也可以是多个，多个端口可以以逗号分隔，比如21,22,23,53,80，也可以使用短横线指定范围，比如1-1024。

    Ping 扫描

    1. nmap -sP <目标 IP>

    Ping 扫描其实就是只执行主机发现，不扫描具体端口。大家可以看到结果中没有端口的信息，只告诉你主机通不通，所以也很快。

    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap 192.168.1.1 -sP
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 10:52 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    4. mass_dns: warning: Unable to determine any DNS servers. Reverse DNS is disabled. Try using --system-dns or specify valid servers with --dns-servers
    5. Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.1
    6. Host is up (0.0030s latency).
    7. MAC Address: 68:89:C1:74:84:43 (Huawei Technologies)
    8. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.59 seconds

    与之相反，有一个选项是只执行端口扫描，不执行主机发现的，是-PN（或-P0）。

    1. nmap -O <目标 IP>
    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap www.baidu.com -O
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 11:03 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    4. mass_dns: warning: Unable to determine any DNS servers. Reverse DNS is disabled. Try using --system-dns or specify valid servers with --dns-servers
    5. Nmap scan report for www.baidu.com (61.135.169.125)
    6. Host is up (0.0038s latency).
    7. Other addresses for www.baidu.com (not scanned): 61.135.169.121
    8. Not shown: 998 filtered ports
    9. PORT    STATE SERVICE
    10. 80/tcp  open  http
    11. 443/tcp open  https
    12. Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
    13. Device type: switch
    14. Running (JUST GUESSING): HP embedded (86%)
    15. OS CPE: cpe:/h:hp:procurve_switch_4000m
    16. Aggressive OS guesses: HP 4000M ProCurve switch (J4121A) (86%)
    17. No exact OS matches for host (test conditions non-ideal).
    19. OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
    20. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 9.35 seconds

    组合扫描

    比如我们要扫描1 ~ 1024 端口，详细输出，并且探测操作系统。

    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap 192.168.1.1 -p 1-1024 -vv -O
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 11:06 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    4. Initiating ARP Ping Scan at 11:06
    5. Scanning 192.168.1.1 [1 port]
    6. Completed ARP Ping Scan at 11:06, 0.14s elapsed (1 total hosts)
    7. mass_dns: warning: Unable to determine any DNS servers. Reverse DNS is disabled. Try using --system-dns or specify valid servers with --dns-servers
    8. Initiating SYN Stealth Scan at 11:06
    9. Scanning 192.168.1.1 [1024 ports]
    10. Discovered open port 53/tcp on 192.168.1.1
    11. Discovered open port 80/tcp on 192.168.1.1
    12. Completed SYN Stealth Scan at 11:06, 2.03s elapsed (1024 total ports)
    13. Retrying OS detection (try #2) against 192.168.1.1
    14. Retrying OS detection (try #3) against 192.168.1.1
    15. Retrying OS detection (try #4) against 192.168.1.1
    16. Retrying OS detection (try #5) against 192.168.1.1
    17. Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.1
    18. Host is up, received arp-response (0.0014s latency).
    19. Scanned at 2016-12-22 11:06:44 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±?? for 15s
    20. Not shown: 1019 closed ports
    21. Reason: 1019 resets
    22. PORT   STATE    SERVICE REASON
    23. 21/tcp filtered ftp     no-response
    24. 22/tcp filtered ssh     no-response
    25. 23/tcp filtered telnet  no-response
    26. 53/tcp open     domain  syn-ack ttl 64
    27. 80/tcp open     http    syn-ack ttl 64
    28. MAC Address: 68:89:C1:74:84:43 (Huawei Technologies)
    29. No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see https://nmap.org/submit/ ).
    30. TCP/IP fingerprint:
    31. OS:SCAN(V=7.01%E=4%D=12/22%OT=53%CT=1%CU=37502%PV=Y%DS=1%DC=D%G=Y%M=6889C1%
    32. OS:TM=585B4353%P=i686-pc-windows-windows)SEQ(SP=106%GCD=1%ISR=104%TI=Z%CI=Z
    33. OS:%II=I%TS=U)SEQ(CI=Z%II=I%TS=U)SEQ(CI=Z%II=I)OPS(O1=M5B4NNSNW2%O2=M5B4NNS
    34. OS:NW2%O3=M5B4NW2%O4=M5B4NNSNW2%O5=M5B4NNSNW2%O6=M5B4NNS)WIN(W1=16D0%W2=16D
    35. OS:0%W3=16D0%W4=16D0%W5=16D0%W6=16D0)ECN(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=16D0%O=M5B4NNSNW2%
    36. OS:CC=Y%Q=)T1(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%S=O%A=S+%F=AS%RD=0%Q=)T2(R=N)T3(R=N)T4(R=Y%DF=Y
    37. OS:%T=40%W=0%S=A%A=Z%F=R%O=%RD=0%Q=)T5(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=Z%A=S+%F=AR%O=%R
    38. OS:D=0%Q=)T6(R=Y%DF=Y%T=40%W=0%S=A%A=Z%F=R%O=%RD=0%Q=)T7(R=N)U1(R=Y%DF=N%T=
    39. OS:40%IPL=164%UN=0%RIPL=G%RID=G%RIPCK=G%RUCK=G%RUD=G)IE(R=Y%DFI=N%T=40%CD=S
    40. OS:)
    42. Network Distance: 1 hop
    43. TCP Sequence Prediction: Difficulty=262 (Good luck!)
    44. IP ID Sequence Generation: All zeros
    46. Read data files from: C:\Program Files (x86)\Nmap
    47. OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
    48. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 15.21 seconds
    49.            Raw packets sent: 1152 (54.954KB) | Rcvd: 1110 (48.462KB)

    可以看出来没探测到什么东西，因为是路由器，大家这种情况认为是 Linux 就好了。

    脚本的类型有：

    向命令行添加--script=<类型>来使用脚本。

    下面演示了使用default脚本来探测主机上的服务。

    1. C:\Users\asus> nmap --script=default 192.168.1.1
    3. Starting Nmap 7.01 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2016-12-22 11:10 ?D1ú±ê×?ê±??
    4. mass_dns: warning: Unable to determine any DNS servers. Reverse DNS is disabled. Try using --system-dns or specify valid servers with --dns-servers
    5. Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.1
    6. Host is up (0.0051s latency).
    7. Not shown: 993 closed ports
    8. PORT      STATE    SERVICE
    9. 21/tcp    filtered ftp
    10. 22/tcp    filtered ssh
    11. 23/tcp    filtered telnet
    12. 53/tcp    open     domain
    13. | dns-nsid:
    14. |_  bind.version: dnsmasq-2.49
    15. 80/tcp    open     http
    16. |_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/html).
    17. 49152/tcp open     unknown
    18. 49153/tcp open     unknown
    19. MAC Address: 68:89:C1:74:84:43 (Huawei Technologies)
    21. Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 13.48 seconds